The interrelationships of market structure and innovation have been a subject of a vivid dispute. In their Research on innovative activity and market structure, macroeconomists focused principally on discussing and Testing the Schumpeter hypotheses (Schumpeter, 1942), which imply that firm size and monopoly power have a positive impact on innovative behaviour. However, the empirical results do not yield coherent support For these views. Coma (1967), analysing the outlays on R&D and firm size, found a positive relationship Between the variables. Mansfield (1964) reported, however, that there was no effect of size on the level of the Firm’s R&D expenditures. Scherer (1965) argued that innovative efforts increase more than proportionally with firm size, up to some point. After passing this threshold, the size may harm inventive Activities. However, Acts and Audresha (1987) found that large firms are more innovative in capital-intensive and concentrated industries. Henderson and Cockburn (1996) reported that size matters for the Profitability of innovative activities and that innovativeness of large companies exhibit substantially higher Productivity than projects run by smaller firms, ceteris paribus. Furthermore, they concluded that the Innovative advantage of large firms is not only attributed to scale economies but, above all, to scope Economies. More light on the subject casts the distinction between product and process innovations because Any motivation to undertake innovative efforts is driven by the ex-ante firm size determining the ex post-firm Growth (Cohen and Clapper, 1996). The authors found support for the hypothesis that larger firms have an Advantage in cost-reducing innovations due to the larger output over which the improvements are spread. This complies with the observation that in mature industries, firms predominantly concentrate on incremental Process innovation rather than on new product introductions. The hypothesis favouring monopoly power over competition has not gained unanimous Acknowledgment, as well. For example, Kenneth Arrow (1962) argued that technological progress is driven by industry followers or potential entrants, not monopolists. However, Segerstrom and Soldiered (1999) Proved that industry-leading firms with significant market shares, undertake, under some conditions, most of The industry's innovative activities. The results of the empirical research on the topic remain equally Inconclusive. Scherer found out that innovative output tended to increase with market concentration level up To some level and then fell (Scherer, 1967). Acts and Audresha (1987) reported that a high concentration Level together with other competition-reducing industry characteristics tends to encourage the innovativeness of large companies. According to Link (1982), in innovation-intensive industries, the share of research resources dedicated to processing innovation increases with market concentration. Many considered that the attempts to determine which market organization favours innovation were running into a dead end. Alarming Phillips, among others, questioned the idea that technological progress is determined by the existence of large-scale enterprises and restricted competition. It is rather technological progress that leads to such market configurations. Hanna and McDowell (1990 and 1990a) found that Market concentration has a positive impact on the adoption of new technology and that innovative firms Increased their market shares, which resulted in either a rise or a drop in the market concentration ratio Subject to firm size. Similarly, Stone man and Kwan (1996) found support for the hypothesis that the returns of the technological laggards tended to decline as other firms adopted new technologies. On the other hand, Gorky (1994) reported that a high rate of innovation decreased concentration levels. To capture the problem of endogenesis, some researchers took a simultaneous approach. For Example, Branch (1974) reported that there are at least two ways in which a firm’s profitability and its Innovative efforts are related. Firstly, profits enable to conduct of innovation activities. Secondly, successful Innovations let the firm charge higher prices and, thus, further strengthen its market power. Lunn (1986) Suggested that any successful process innovation should have an impact on the concentration level. Therefore, Industries with a high propensity for cost-reducing innovations, such as the automobile industry, tend to be more concentrated than industries focused primarily on product innovations. These results clearly illustrate the two-way causal relationship between innovation and market structure. Furthermore, they reveal the Character of the interrelationships between process innovations and industry organization, i.e., on the one hand, process innovations tend to reduce industry costs, increase a firm’s size, and lead to higher concentration Level, and, on the other hand, concentrated markets, firm’s size positively stimulate efforts aimed at the Introduction of cost-reducing innovations. These considerations will establish the basis of the following Analysis, addressing whether there are any significant interrelationships between firms ’Innovative behaviour and the market structure of the automotive industry.

Characteristics of a Computer

Computers have their application or utility everywhere. We find their applications in almost every sphere of life-particularly in fields where computations are required to be done at a very fast speed and where data is so complicated that the human brain finds it difficult to cope with it.

As you must be aware, computers nowadays are being used almost in every department to do work at a greater speed and accuracy. Some prominent areas of computer applications are:

Applications of Computers in Education

Computers are used in colleges to provide methods of teaching in different ways. Computer education is becoming mandatory in most universities across the world. They basically teach the subjects which enable the students to acquire a job in the software engineering Industry. Teachers use computers as teaching aids, which leaves some time for discussion at the end of the session. Nowadays, colleges are setting up such a system where student and faculty attendance, syllabus, schedule of tests, exams, etc are put on the web, and students, their parents' and faculties can access it from anywhere and get updated.

Applications of Computers in Industries

Mostly, the software or the hardware that is produced by companies would be used to automate the manual task. One kind of industry will have the task of producing such products and is called the software industry. Other companies which use these services are called clients. Computers Can be used to produce patterns in textile industries, colour combinations in paint industries, automate the operation of a machine in 'an industry using robotics, etc.

Applications of Computers in Business

Applications of Computers in Entertainment

Animations and Special Effects for the movies are done using high-end workstations. In the Titanic film, they used 100 high-end Linux workstations in parallel to produce the special effects. Also, movies and music are available in the form of CDs, VCDs, and DVDs which cost less compared to watching movies at theatres. People prefer to watch them through these media in their leisure time. Kids enjoy playing games using computers.

Computer-based weather forecasting depends on the accurate collection of data from weather stations, airports, satellites, and different sensitive devices all around the world. The computer depends on building a model of hot, cold air, dry and humid air interaction, and how this is interactions are affected by land and sea temperature, season, and so on. Once this is done, the data is collected on atmospheric phenomena over a region. The computer model then generates a forecast of how the air will change. The necessary parameters can never be measured with total accuracy, and it is impossible to make a perfect representation of all the factors that impact weather. Some businesses, however, are so dependent on the weather that they need constantly updated information. SPAR CO's weather forecasting department offers an analysis of live weather data and provides help to make business decisions based on weather forecasting.

Applications of Computers in Airline Systems

In airline systems, computers are used to control passenger aircraft and vehicles. Early aircraft were controlled by moving parts attached to the controls using cables. In a modern, fly-by-wire system, electronic signals from the cockpit are sent to that adjusts the flight surfaces. The computer is embedded in the pilot's or driver's controls. It is linked up among different cities and gives full information about its flight and seat reservation.

     (THE END INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER)